c l i n i c a l f o l i o s : n a r r a t i v e





A D V E R T I S E M E N T

 

Breast Cancer: Background: 16

A D V E R T I S E M E N T

   
 

The stage of the cancer in a particular patient is rated between I and IV depending on the size of the primary tumor (T), involvement of lymph nodes (N) and distant spread (metastasis) (M). This is called the TNM classification system.      

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Breast Cancer: Background: 17

A D V E R T I S E M E N T

   
 

The clinical stage is estimated by preoperative evaluation and the pathological stage is determined by examining tissue removed by the initial surgical treatment.       

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Breast Cancer: Background: 18

A D V E R T I S E M E N T

   
 

The stage gives an indication of prognosis and guides treatment.

Treatment of early breast cancer involves local therapy.  Local therapy includes surgery and radiotherapy. Systemic therapies, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy may be added (adjuvant therapy) to prevent recurrence or to treat more advanced.      

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This page was last modified on 7/9/1999.