c l i n i c a l f o l i o s : n a r r a t i v e





A D V E R T I S E M E N T

 

Breast Cancer: Overview: 13

A D V E R T I S E M E N T

   
 

The stage is an indicator of prognosis and is a guide for therapy. The more advanced the stage, the worse the prognosis. Fortunately, most breast cancers are now detected early. Physical examination and baseline chest x-ray and blood tests determine the clinical stage before any further interventions are done. When initial treatment is completed, the pathological stage can be defined.      

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Breast Cancer: Overview: 14

A D V E R T I S E M E N T

   
 

Breast cancer treatment has evolved dramatically over the course of the 20th century. An historical review of breast cancer treatment shows a trend toward less invasive diagnostic procedures, less radical surgical treatment, a change in the concept of treatment from a local to a systemic focus, a multidisciplinary team approach, and an increasing number of treatment modialities.     

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Breast Cancer: Overview: 15

A D V E R T I S E M E N T

   
 

The first important distinction to be made is whether the cancerous cells have broken through their enclosing membrane and become invasive. Pre-invasive growth of cancer cells within the ducts is called ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS). A less common pre-invasive growth of glandular cells is called lobular neoplasia or lobular carcinoma in-situ (LCIS). The latter is not considered a cancer but is poorly understood and does increase the risk for development of cancer in either breast.     

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This page was last modified on 7/8/1999.