The sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles are enclosed by the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia. This layer is opened along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid to reach the carotid. The branches of the cervical plexus penetrate the investing fascia at the posterior border of the muscle.
The positions of the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein at the skull base are important for understanding the relationships of the vessels to each other and to the complex of surrounding nerves.
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